摩托车相关英文文献英文印刷符1W左右英文内容 印刷符在1万左右能有中文翻译就更好了如果是双语的 所有积分全部奉上

摩托车相关英文文献英文印刷符1W左右英文内容 印刷符在1万左右能有中文翻译就更好了如果是双语的 所有积分全部奉上
摩托车相关英文文献
英文印刷符1W左右
英文内容 印刷符在1万左右
能有中文翻译就更好了
如果是双语的 所有积分全部奉上

摩托车相关英文文献英文印刷符1W左右英文内容 印刷符在1万左右能有中文翻译就更好了如果是双语的 所有积分全部奉上
Analysis and Survey on Chongqing Motorcycle Industrial Groups
Jian Kuang
School of Management, Chongqian University, Chongqian, PRC
Abstract
Chongqing motorcycle industrial groups' foundation and success have been analyzed in this article through
deep investigation from industrial developing process and internal mechanism etc, and some relevant
commends and guidance with policy for further development are presented after analyzing its history and
existing problem
Key words: Motorcycle, Industrial management, Policy, Chongqing
Brief Introduction
After 25 years development, Chongqing motorcycle industry has come into to a large scale. For example, in 2003, its total output value was RMB30.435 billion, and was listed as the second one in all top industries in Chongqing. 7,897,600 motorcycle engines were sold, and it covered more than half market of whole country. 4,627,800 motorcycles were sold, and it occupied 31.8% China sales market, 15% world sales market, including export trade with 137,000 sets. Its customers are all over 120 countries. There is no doubt that Chongqing motorcycle industry is not only the main industry in Chongqing, but also plays an important role in whole world. The advantage of Chongqing motorcycle industry development came from its reform and revolution, which happened inside and outside of this industrial field. As one old basement of mature industry in machinery, Chongqing supplied sufficient sources, which created ideal environment for it, while the local market was very big and the customers were seeking for economical motorcycles. The new motorcycle enterprises got much nourishment from the old ones also. Beside these, the strong and professional sales net work, fast information communication, fierce competition among enterprises with much pressure, communication experience from work, professional manufacturing classification and innovation, related industries' coupling etc. helped this industry to go forward. This not only cut down cost, but also let the enterprises make better and high quality products for transportation. The market space was broadened, and Chongqing motorcycle industry groups were well established. No other one can copy it because of its special mechanism. There were some problems in development. Such as, the fierce competition among enterprise in lower prices with simplex products is very visible. The enterprise failed to share and cooperate in technology and innovation. For this, some feasible commends and suggestions with policy for better running are given as following. For example, the public service platform proposed by the government for tech, goods distribution, inspection etc. and the regulation managing model with the help of government and middle agents will be set up.
1. The present statue of Chongqing motorcycle industry groups
1.1 Whole motorcycle and engine enterprises
There are 31 whole motorcycle enterprises and 38 engine enterprises in Chongqing, including 20 whole motorcycle enterprises listed in state " Public Note". 18 engine enterprises are with manufacturing licenses. With this capacity, the output of 7,000,000 motorcycles and 8,000,000 engines could be reached.
Some motorcycle enterprises are well developed and well known in China. Among top 8 leaders in China, Chongqing has 5 enterprises, which shared 28.3% state manufacturing output. In last 4 years, they were listed within top 12 ones in the country. The enterprises in state "Public Note" maintain about 30 independent brands and have their sales and service systems. Jialing is the number one famous brand, while Longxin is the second one in China motorcycle industry.
In 2003, in top 10 engine enterprises in China, 5 ones are in Chongqing. Their total manufacturing output covered 48.5% in China. Lifan, Longxin, Zhongshen are top 3, meanwhile Jialing is number 5. In 2003, 137,000,000 motorcycles were exported from Chongqing. In comparison with last year, it increased 80.26%, which shared 42.8% in China motorcycle export trade. It took share 29.7% in sales from Chongqing.
1.2 Spare parts enterprises
The spare parts industry was developed and formed from previous match Jialing and Jianshe. It has multi products with lower prices. The match for Chongqing is about 90%. Till 2003, about one thousand enterprises were built up, and most of them are withcollective economy. 295 enterprises are in big scale. Their industrial output value is around 10 billion. The rate is about 40% in China. ( Fig.6)
Advantage
Smaller engines, mature tech, splendid products, large scale, lower prices, well controlled cost are their advantages. In 2003, Lifan, Longxin, Zhongshen are top 3 in manufacturing and sales in China. Regarding to engine parts, such as Kama motor, Yunyang crank shaft, Zhichen cylinder head, Qioutian gear, Changjiang piston, Yingang cam shaft, Mitsubishi clutch etc., the quality and quantity are in the top rank in whole country (Fig.7). Till now, more than 30 engine parts entered into Japanese market for Honda, Yamaha etc. About frame, fuel tank, wheel hub, electric devices etc. have won their places and this gave strong block to some Guangdong- Taiwan joint ventures in these fields. Talking about advanced facilities, the flexible processing line and frame welding line are set up in Jialing; flexible processing line for cylinder head and precise pressing foundry line withHuafu powder are used by Zhongshen; the production line for ball bearing with deep slot is in Changjiang bearing factory. These equipments match with top technologies in 20 century in the world. In addition, the cooperation between whole motorcycle enterprises and parts enterprises in Chongqing is much superior to other groups in other places in China.
From 2001 to 2002, for match in Chongqing, some enterprises, which served for Jinan Qinqi, Hubei Zhixi, Mongolia Xingyuan, Sichuan Richu and Shanxi Yuanye etc., moved into Chongqing.
2. Chongqing motorcycle industrial groups development
2.1 Industry condition
Chongqing is located at the upper part of Changjiang River, as the economic center and only municipality city in south west of China. No doubt, it plays most important role in this region, with better investment environment. It has various light and heavy industries, advanced machine- building industry and solid foundation from history. In 2003, its industry output value increased RMB 76.8 billion, 16.4% up. For large-scale enterprises, their industry output value increased RMB 47.8 billion, 21.1% up. The industrial integration index goes to 129.73%.
2.1.1 Geography condition
Chongqing is in the south east of Sichuan province, with rich natural sources, such as coal, natural gas, hence the energy supply could be guaranteed.
2.1.2 Human Sources Compared with developed districts in China, Chongqing has its cheaper labor sources so that the cost for manufacturing goes down. In 2003, the average income for all working, job- wanted and retired employees living in town is about RMB 9863 per year, as working employees with RMB 10214. In comparison with east cities, Chongqing labor cost is less 1.5 to 2.5 times, and with advanced countries, less 20 to 30 times.
2.1.3 Technology Support
There are more than 1000 research units, 29 universities, 0.6 million technicians in
Chongqing. Some of them are engaged in research and development for automobile and motorcycle with much experience, such as Chongqing University, Chongqing Communications Colleague, Chongqing Industry Colleague, Chongqing Automobile Research Institute, Chongqing Road Research Institute, No.22 Institute and No.24 Institute of Information Department of China etc.
2.2 History of Chongqing motorcycle industry
In the beginning of China’s opening policy, it was encouraged to transfer some capacity of military products for civil industry. By getting advantage from Chongqing’s powerful machine- building industry and other industrial policies from government, some military enterprises began to produce motorcycles. In that period when Chongqing was limited by the plan economy policy, only a few factories produced motorcycles for post and military services. Later on, they began to make joint ventures with Japanese enterprises for absorbing advanced tech. They made majority of parts for themselves, and did some hatchment for some enterprises under Southwest Ordnance Bureau. As time went on, their workers, technicians and engineers were well trained and collected much experience.
2.3 Development of Chongqing motorcycle industry
As living in mountain area, Chongqing people are good at hard working. Chongqing motorcycle industry developed with its Chongqing characteristics and culture.
In 90s, some small private enterprise owners found the potential profit from motorcycle building, which was strictly controlled by government. They hired some good technicians with higher salary from state owned factories through different means. They did copy from small parts, engines to whole motorcycle by illegal ways, without any permission and inspection from relevant departments of local government. Then, more than 50 to 60 illegal enterprises appeared.
In this process, the professional manufacturers and suppliers were very active and
technicians began to enjoy freedom for job choice. Meanwhile, the information exchange, training, infrastructure building, managing rules making etc were very popular. The trade cost was lower. As the competition and government management were speeded up, Jintong, Lifan, Longxin, Zhongshen and Yingang etc., the collective enterprises survived.
After merge and assets reorganized, these enterprises got approval from government so that the motorcycle groups were created initially. This shocked whole country, and attracted so many experienced people and professional parts and motorcycle enterprises to join in.
In recent years, Chongqing motorcycle industries began to step into the world market.
Jialing, Jianshe, Lifan, Zhongshen and Longxin established 16 joint ventures and
independent enterprises at abroad, 13 units in Asia, one in Colombia, Brazil, Berlin separately. In addition, Jialing and Zhongshen have their sales companies in USA.